Understanding Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

What Is Hypothermia?

Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature falls below 35°C (95°F). The human body works best within a narrow temperature range, and even small deviations can impair essential physiological functions. When the body cannot generate heat fast enough to compensate for cold exposure, systems such as the nervous system, heart, and metabolism slow down.

Although most people associate hypothermia with extreme outdoor conditions, it can occur in various situations including cool indoor environments, wet clothing, prolonged exposure to wind, and during certain medical emergencies.

Primary Causes of Hypothermia

Hypothermia develops when heat loss exceeds heat production. Several factors can contribute to this imbalance, including:

1. Environmental Exposure

• Cold weather and winter storms
• Immersion in cold water
• High wind chill increasing heat loss
• Inadequate clothing for conditions

2. Wet Conditions

Wet clothing accelerates heat loss because water removes body heat up to 25 times faster than air.

3. Medical Conditions

• Hypoglycemia
• Infections
• An underactive thyroid
• Trauma
• Certain neurological disorders

4. Lifestyle Factors

• Alcohol or drug use
• Exhaustion and dehydration
• Lack of proper nutrition

Symptoms of Hypothermia

Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Recognizing early signs is crucial.

Mild Hypothermia (32–35°C / 89.6–95°F)

• Shivering (body’s first defense mechanism)
• Cold, pale skin
• Fatigue and confusion
• Difficulty concentrating
• Increased heart rate

Moderate Hypothermia (28–32°C / 82.4–89.6°F)

• Intense shivering or shivering stops
• Slurred speech
• Poor coordination
• Irrational behavior
• Weakened pulse

Severe Hypothermia (below 28°C / 82.4°F)

• Loss of consciousness
• Weak or absent pulse
• Very slow breathing
• Stiff muscles

Who Is at Greatest Risk?

While hypothermia can affect anyone, certain groups face higher risk due to physiological or environmental vulnerabilities.

• Older adults – reduced heat regulation and mobility issues
• Infants – poor temperature regulation
• Outdoor workers
• Hikers, swimmers, and athletes
• People experiencing homelessness
• Individuals with chronic illness

First Aid for Hypothermia

Recognizing hypothermia early and knowing how to respond can save lives. First aid measures vary depending on severity.

1. Move the Person to a Warm Environment

Remove them from cold, wind, or water as quickly as possible. Even small improvements in temperature help slow heat loss.

2. Remove Wet Clothing

Replace with dry, insulated layers to reduce ongoing heat loss.

3. Provide Warm, Sweet Fluids (if conscious)

Warm drinks help raise internal temperature and restore energy levels.

4. Use Passive or Active Rewarming

• Passive: blankets, warm room, dry clothes
• Active: warm water bottles (not directly on skin), heating pads on chest/neck

5. Monitor Breathing Carefully

In severe cases, breathing may slow dangerously. Emergency medical care is required immediately.

Possible Complications

Without prompt treatment, hypothermia can affect multiple organ systems and lead to:

• Irregular heart rhythms
• Low blood oxygen levels
• Nervous system impairment
• Increased risk of infections

How Hypothermia Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination, temperature measurement, and evaluation of symptoms. Doctors may use specialized thermometers to measure internal temperature accurately.

Medical Treatment Options

Treatment varies according to severity and may include:

• Warm IV fluids
• Warm humidified oxygen
• Blood rewarming through medical devices
• Monitoring for cardiac complications

Prevention Strategies

Preventing hypothermia involves preparation, awareness, and proper equipment.

• Wear moisture-wicking layers
• Use insulated jackets, gloves, and hats
• Avoid staying wet for long periods
• Check weather forecasts before outdoor activities
• Stay hydrated and nourished
• Carry emergency warming supplies

Long-Term Outlook

Most people recover fully when hypothermia is treated promptly, but severe cases may result in long-term nerve or organ damage. Early treatment greatly improves outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)